Which principle is illustrated by the functional balance of a strong Senate and a powerful House?

The principle illustrated by the functional balance of a strong Senate and a powerful House is checks and balances. This principle is essential to the structure of the U.S. government as it ensures that no single branch or chamber becomes too powerful. The Senate and the House of Representatives each have unique roles, responsibilities, and powers, which allow them to monitor and limit each other's actions.

For example, while the House may initiate revenue bills, the Senate has the authority to confirm presidential appointments and ratify treaties. This interdependence serves as a method of oversight and ensures that legislation is carefully considered from multiple perspectives. By having both chambers wield significant power, the system sustains a balance that protects against potential abuses and helps reflect diverse interests within the nation.

In contrast, separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches (executive, legislative, and judicial), while judicial review is the court's ability to assess the constitutionality of legislative acts. Federalism involves the distribution of power between national and state governments and does not directly relate to the balance between the Senate and the House. Thus, checks and balances is the most fitting principle in this context.